Vicente Amador Araiza González: La dieta del Genotipo - Peter J. D'Adamo


The blood type diets are fad diets advocated by several authors, the most prominent of whom is Peter J. D'Adamo. These diets are based on the notion that blood type, according to the ABO blood group system, is the most important factor in determining a healthy diet, and each author recommends a distinct diet for each blood type. The consensus among dietitians, physicians, and scientists is that these diets are unsupported by scientific evidence. In what was apparently the first study testing whether there was any benefit to eating the "right" diet according to one's blood type, a study published in 2014 compared "biomarkers" such as body mass index, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol and insulin among young people, and assessed their diets over a period of a month. Based on one's diet each person was classified as tending to follow the blood-type diet recommended for O, A, or B. While there were significant differences in some biomarkers between these groups, there was no significant interaction between diet and biomarkers. In other words, those who were eating the "right" diet for their blood type did not show different biomarker values on average compared to those eating the "wrong" diet. The blood type diet was named by the British Dietetic Association as one of the "Top 5 Celeb Diets to Avoid in 2019"	The underlying hypothesis of blood type diets is that people with different blood types digest lectins differently, and that if people eat food that is not compatible with their blood type, they will experience many health problems. On the other hand, if a person eats food that is compatible, they will be healthier. That hypothesis is, in turn, based on an assumption that each blood type represents a different evolutionary heritage. "Based on the ‘Blood-Type’ diet theory, group O is considered the ancestral blood group in humans so their optimal diet should resemble the high animal protein diets typical of the hunter-gatherer era. In contrast, those with group A should thrive on a vegetarian diet as this blood group was believed to have evolved when humans settled down into agrarian societies. Following the same rationale, individuals with blood group B are considered to benefit from consumption of dairy products because this blood group was believed to originate in nomadic tribes. Finally, individuals with an AB blood group are believed to benefit from a diet that is intermediate to those proposed for group A and group B. As of 2017 there is no scientific evidence to support the blood type diet hypothesis and no clinical evidence that it improves health. Peter J. D'Adamo, a naturopath, is the most prominent proponent of blood type diets. Luiz C. de Mattos and Haroldo W. Moreira point out that assertions made by proponents of blood type diets that the O blood type was the first human blood type requires that the O gene have evolved before the A and B genes in the ABO locus; phylogenetic networks of human and non-human ABO alleles show that the A gene was the first to evolve. They argue that it would be extraordinary, from the perspective of evolution, for normal genes (those for types A and B) to have evolved from abnormal genes (for type O). Yamamoto et al. further note: "Although the O blood type is common in all populations around the world, there is no evidence that the O gene represents the ancestral gene at the ABO locus. Nor is it reasonable to suppose that a defective gene would arise spontaneously and then evolve into normal genes. wiki/Blood_type_diet

The blood type diets are fad diets advocated by several authors, the most prominent of whom is Peter J. D'Adamo. These diets are based on the notion that blood type, according to the ABO blood group system, is the most important factor in determining a healthy diet, and each author recommends a distinct diet for each blood type.

The consensus among dietitians, physicians, and scientists is that these diets are unsupported by scientific evidence. In what was apparently the first study testing whether there was any benefit to eating the "right" diet according to one's blood type, a study published in 2014 compared "biomarkers" such as body mass index, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol and insulin among young people, and assessed their diets over a period of a month. Based on one's diet each person was classified as tending to follow the blood-type diet recommended for O, A, or B. While there were significant differences in some biomarkers between these groups, there was no significant interaction between diet and biomarkers. In other words, those who were eating the "right" diet for their blood type did not show different biomarker values on average compared to those eating the "wrong" diet.

The blood type diet was named by the British Dietetic Association as one of the "Top 5 Celeb Diets to Avoid in 2019"

The underlying hypothesis of blood type diets is that people with different blood types digest lectins differently, and that if people eat food that is not compatible with their blood type, they will experience many health problems. On the other hand, if a person eats food that is compatible, they will be healthier.

That hypothesis is, in turn, based on an assumption that each blood type represents a different evolutionary heritage. "Based on the ‘Blood-Type’ diet theory, group O is considered the ancestral blood group in humans so their optimal diet should resemble the high animal protein diets typical of the hunter-gatherer era. In contrast, those with group A should thrive on a vegetarian diet as this blood group was believed to have evolved when humans settled down into agrarian societies.

Following the same rationale, individuals with blood group B are considered to benefit from consumption of dairy products because this blood group was believed to originate in nomadic tribes. Finally, individuals with an AB blood group are believed to benefit from a diet that is intermediate to those proposed for group A and group B. As of 2017 there is no scientific evidence to support the blood type diet hypothesis and no clinical evidence that it improves health.

Peter J. D'Adamo, a naturopath, is the most prominent proponent of blood type diets. Luiz C. de Mattos and Haroldo W. Moreira point out that assertions made by proponents of blood type diets that the O blood type was the first human blood type requires that the O gene have evolved before the A and B genes in the ABO locus; phylogenetic networks of human and non-human ABO alleles show that the A gene was the first to evolve.

They argue that it would be extraordinary, from the perspective of evolution, for normal genes (those for types A and B) to have evolved from abnormal genes (for type O). Yamamoto et al. further note: "Although the O blood type is common in all populations around the world, there is no evidence that the O gene represents the ancestral gene at the ABO locus. Nor is it reasonable to suppose that a defective gene would arise spontaneously and then evolve into normal genes.

wiki/Blood_type_diet

Dieta del Genotipo: Los riesgos a largo plazo de un régimen restrictivo

Cazador, recolector, profesor, explorador, guerrero y nómada son los seis tipos en los que esta dieta clasifica a las personas.

Cada cierto tiempo aparece una dieta de moda que promete a las personas lograr el ansiado objetivo de bajar de peso y mantenerse saludable. Es cosa de buscar información en internet y encontrar innumerables ejemplos: la dieta de Atkins, la de la Zona, la de la sopa, la de la luna, etcétera. Todas sembrando altas expectativas de éxito para quienes desean adelgazar.

A ellas se les sumó hace un par de años la dieta del Genotipo. Este régimen se basa en el estudio de los genes de cada paciente y a partir de los resultados obtenidos, se clasifica a las personas en uno de los 6 genotipos existentes: cazador, recolector, profesor, explorador, guerrero y nómada. Cada genotipo, considera el grupo de sangre, la respuesta al ambiente, la influencia de hormonas y estrés durante el desarrollo prenatal además de la información genética heredada de nuestros padres y antepasados.

De acuerdo a esta clasificación, se entrega una pauta con las indicaciones de qué alimento consumir y cuáles no, según el tipo genético y sanguíneo. Es así como las personas del genotipo “cazador” no deberían consumir harinas y leche o el “guerrero” debe eliminar de su dieta las carnes y mantequilla.

El gran problema con este tipo de dietas es que su carácter restrictivo (privarse de cierto tipo de alimentos) puede traer serios problemas a largo plazo. Según el Dr. Alberto Maiz, Nutriólogo del Departamento de Nutrición y Diabetes UC, la dieta del genotipo “puede tener argumentos científicos discutibles, pero aún estamos muy lejos de precisar exactamente cómo influye la genética en la utilización de los distintos nutrientes. No existen publicaciones científicas que sustenten la indicación de la dieta del genotipo y tampoco hay resultados que hayan demostrado su efectividad a largo plazo”, explicó.

En ese sentido, lo más preocupante es que se estarían prescribiendo indicaciones nutricionales que a juicio del Dr. Maiz, no son las más apropiadas. “Los pacientes están cambiando hábitos saludables de alimentación por otros que no lo son. Por ejemplo, dejar de comer lácteos, legumbres o frutas. Eso no es crear hábitos saludables en la población”, manifiesta.

Los pacientes que suprimen ciertos alimentos pueden tener a largo plazo problemas por carencia de nutrientes tales como hierro (produciendo anemia), falta de calcio en los huesos y deficiencias de vitaminas entre otros.

Si bien la dieta del Genotipo clasifica también a las personas por su grupo sanguíneo, el Dr. Maiz cree que el tipo de sangre no debería influir al momento de prescribir una dieta.

La mayoría de las personas que optan por estos regímenes efectivamente ven resultados rápidos, “porque se trata de dietas restrictivas que favorecen la baja de peso por la supresión de ciertos alimentos más que por lo saludables o balanceadas que puedan ser. Es obvio que se baje de peso así”,agrega la Nutricionista, Magíster en Nutrición, también del Departamento de Nutrición y Diabetes UC, Andrea Valenzuela.

Según ambos profesionales UC, los malos hábitos de la población (alimentación inapropiada con altos consumos de grasa y azúcares refinados y el sedentarismo) son los principales causantes de los problemas de sobrepeso en nuestro país y que cualquier dieta, como la del genotipo, si bien funcionan a corto plazo, en el futuro puede acarrear serios problemas de salud, ya que puede producir carencias nutricionales y no generar cambios saludables.

latercera.com/dieta-del-genotipo-los-riesgos-a-largo-plazo-de-un-regimen-restrictivo/

nutricioninteligente.cl/dieta-del-genotipo/

10-dias-siguiendo-la-dieta-del-genotipo

rednutricion/como-funciona-la-dieta-del-genotipo-y-cuales-son-sus-beneficios/

La dieta del genotipo. Por D'Adamo / Catherine Whitney.

Los alimentos que debes consumir según la dieta del genotipo.